Written By By Tariq Waseem Ghazi & Rachel Fleishman
Last month, a major multinational military exercise launched in South and Southeast Asia. The Pacific Partnership is the largest annual multilateral humanitarian assistance and disaster relief preparedness mission conducted in the Indo-Asia-Pacific and aims to enhance regional coordination in areas such as medical readiness and preparedness for manmade and natural disasters. At its center is the hospital ship USNS Mercy, with an international team of civilian and military specialists seeking to build response capacity in one of the most disaster-prone regions of the world.
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Marines embarked on USNS Fall River and Sri Lankan military personnel conduct water purification training on the pier in Hambantota, Sri Lanka, as part of Pacific Partnership 2017. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Chelsea Troy Milburn/Released)
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South Asian nations should initiate a similar joint exercise. Why? Because climate change is a litmus test. With today’s divisive politics, nations struggle to predict, prevent, and prepare for disasters. Collaboration increases the likelihood of success—and strengthens the foundation for peace in the region.
Military and security professionals increasingly recognize climate change as a threat to national and international security. Extreme weather destroys buildings in minutes, with damage lasting for years. Moreover, climate change exacerbates resource stress, increasing the fragility of already vulnerable populations. Loss of water, food, shelter, power, and jobs can imperil health, force migration, and spark conflict or war.
According to reinsurer Munich Re, 2017 was one of the costliest years on record, with total damage from natural disasters estimated at $310 billion.
South Asia: A Region at Risk
South Asia bears a disproportionate share of those impacts. Last year, climate-induced natural disasters disrupted the lives of more than 40 million people across the region. The Asia Development Bank’s “Region at Risk” report flagged extreme heat, precipitation, sea-level rise, cyclones, and receding glaciers as major threats. The floods that devastated India, Nepal, and Bangladesh last August swept away buildings, people, and livestock. Aid agencies report that 30-40 percent of those who died were children. An estimated 70 percent of the 400,000 people moving into Dhaka each year could be pushed by climate-related factors.
Existing conflicts are another hotspot. The stand-off between the Indian and Pakistani armies on the Siachen Glacier, known as the “frozen conflict,” plays out at 18,000 feet – the highest battlefield in the world. Over 33 years, it has claimed about 2,400 lives, mostly from avalanches, frostbite, and the complications of living in a hostile environment. Further, tens of thousands of soldiers living at altitude, far from municipal waste treatment systems, has produced tons of chemicals and other pollutants. Melting glaciers are carrying these toxins downstream, threatening the very farmland the soldiers are trying to protect.
Climate change exacerbates the situation. If a poor hillside village becomes dilapidated, the development ministry can help—until severe weather and landslides destroy homes and crush residents. If coastal cities suffer blackouts, the energy ministry can help—until sea-level rise or drought compromises the power grid. Then who gets called in to help? Often, the military.
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Militaries on the Front Lines of Climate Change
Militaries are the first responders of last resort. When disaster strikes they are on the scene, fast. Military skill and discipline have saved countless lives. But military doctrine and training focus primarily on defense against human aggressors. Climate change requires different strategies: different missions, skill sets, equipment, training, and collaboration. If South Asia is on the front lines of the climate challenge—as the science suggests it already is—then South Asian militaries must prepare accordingly.
The good news is, they are starting. Defense training in Pakistan now includes coursework on climate security. Officers and parliamentarians analyze the intersection of climate science, diplomacy, and security, and consider courses of action. There are important ramifications for recruitment, doctrine, training, and force planning, as well as trade-offs for planning for traditional and emerging threats.
Sri Lanka’s military has plentiful experience in disaster response. It was the first to respond to the 2015 earthquake in Nepal, which killed nearly 9,000 and injured an additional 22,000. Sri Lanka’s Army chief has recently dedicated 30 percent of the force to disaster response and general capacity building. As one astute observer commented, disaster relief is not a soldier’s job. But only a soldier can do it.
Indeed, South Asian militaries are already doing it. Soldiers are assessing where drought and floods could put populations at risk, or exacerbate tensions that spark conflict. Military aircraft must be capable of carrying relief supplies to far-flung locations; remaining aloft in storms; and flying on biofuels. Military meteorologists are tracking fish stocks and flow rates through the international waterways sustaining the region’s 1.5 billion people. It’s a solid start. But the pace must accelerate, in sync with the accelerated pace of extreme weather events.
The Responsibility to Prepare
Success will depend on a whole-of-government approach. The Center for Climate and Security’s Responsibility to Prepare framework argues for climate-proofing national, regional, and international security institutions. The responsibility is predicated on using today’s unprecedented foresight to combat today’s unprecedented risks.
We have the data on where climate extremes are likely to impact security. They are being translated into formats actionable for governments, academia, business and civil society. The next step is coordinated response. This entails ensuring that local threats are met with local resources: strategic food reserves, backup power, sea walls and other infrastructure. It means pumping political capital into existing regional and international security structures, including the UN Security Council. And it means collaborating on threat analyses, scenarios, and joint early warning and response systems.
Indeed, a seminal report by retired military leaders from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh–three countries essential to a climate security in South Asia–recommends institutionalizing climate-security collaboration as the cornerstone of a long-term strategy for peace and security. Political leaders should heed this wise advice.
In politics, as in climate change, the ultimate aim is to “manage the unavoidable and avoid the unmanageable.” Working together, South Asia can do just that.
Lieutenant General Tariq Waseem Ghazi (Ret) was Pakistan’s Secretary of Defense from 2005-2007. Rachel Fleishman is Senior Fellow for Asia Pacific, the Center for Climate and Security. Sources: ABC News, The Center for Climate and Security, Democracy Now, Financial Times, Global Military Advisory Council on Climate Change, The Guardian. This post originally appeared on the Center for Climate and Security’s website and republished on New Security Beat.
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